Bronze Age-the next revolution of Human kind

bronze age weapons from Uttar Pradesh

The next revolution in tool making came with the Bronze Age about 5000 years ago, that is around 3000 B.C. This period supported the urban population, skilled craftsmen, traders, priests, writers and clerks. Writing emerged in history around this time. As copper and bronze were the principal metals used for making tools and weapons. To secure bronze tools, the community encouraged specialists like miners, smelters and smiths. By 3000 B.C. not only was the technique of mixing copper and tin to make bronze known in India but the wheel also had been discovered. The ruins of Mohenjodaro and Harappa tells us the application of kiln-fired bricks which meant a huge expenditure of fuel and the ability of the artisans to control high temperatures.

Stone Ages or the savagery and the Barbaric Ages

Old stone Age or the Palaeolithic period begins somewhere between 5,00,000 and 2,50,000 years ago. Human beings lived entirely on hunting, fishing and gathering, as depicted by
Morgan " a stage of savagery".

The New Stone Age or the Neolithic period began some 10000 to 12000years ago. In this age human beings were able to increase, and thus control to some extent the supply of food. They did this by cultivating cereals or breeding animals. It is termed as " the Barbaric Age"
It is during this period that pottery, the technique of spinning wool, flax and cotton threads came to use. Finally, fashioned stones axes sharpened by grinding also made their appearance at this time. From archaeological remains of this period, one finds a large number of flint arrow heads, bone harpoons and dart heads.
The people of the Palaeolithic Culture used tools and implements of stone, roughly dressed by chipping. These tools a
The burin, with the working border made by the meeting of two planes, was used for engraving on soft stones, bones or the wall of rock shelters and caves.
Examination of the soil of the Palaeolithic sites and other evidence has revealed a correlation be­tween prevailing climates and the successive levels of tool technology that constitute the Palaeolithic.
The Rohri Hills in Jacobabad (Pakistan), located at the Indus River margins of the Great Indian Desert (Thar), contain a group of sites associated with sources of chert, a principal raw material for tool- and weapon-making.
Evidence of these chert bands in alluvial plains, otherwise largely devoid of stones, suggests the development of Jacobabad as a major factory centre in the Palaeolithic age. Palaeolithic tools exhibit adaptations for working particular materials, such as leather, wood and bone.
re found throughout the India ex­cepting the alluvial plains of the Indus, Ganga and Yamuna rivers.

An Evolutionary Perspective

Man is always known as the thinker within all the living beings. It is often believed that some advanced primates may have used bones and stones as tools. But with the coming of the Homo Sapiens, tool making and tool using began in true sense. It is this tool making ability that has brought us to the present stage.  
The archaeologists have traced the early ancestors of human beings like the Sinantharopus and others, he was supposed to have lived about 500000years.
The archaeologists have arranged human history into following periods.
The Stone Ages; the Bronze Ages; and the Iron ages.

These three led to the emergence of further developments in the cultural, social, economic and political fields.

Foundation

The Indian Social evolution passed through various phases. From stone age to great ancient civilization of Mohenjodaro and Harappa; or the unique struggle against British imperialism, all contributed to this evolution. Here we will go through the various major stages of social and cultural evolution in India:

from the pre-historic times to the great river-valley civilization; to the different eras of kingship and their kingdom; to the struggles; to the evolution of different ideals and building constitution; to the nation states and their challenges.